Foundational religious practices
The Five Pillars concern profession of faith, ritual prayer, almsgiving, fasting and pilgrimage. They structure Muslim religious life and include ethically significant disciplines.
What the list does not attempt to contain
The five-item framework is not a complete inventory of Islamic duties concerning honesty, violence, family, contracts, government, animals or justice. Those subjects are addressed across the Qur'an, hadith, jurisprudence and moral teaching.
Comparative caution
Comparing the Five Pillars directly with the Ten Commandments can mislead because one is primarily a list of foundational practices and the other is primarily a list of commands and prohibitions.