Maxims
Epicurean Tetrapharmakos
A four-part therapeutic summary: do not fear gods, do not fear death, good is attainable and severe pain is endurable or limited.
- Tradition or school
- Epicureanism
- Framework type
- Maxims
- Authority classification
- Philosophical
- Observance
- Aspirational
- Research status
- Published and reviewed
- Origin period
- Later Hellenistic Epicurean tradition
- Origin region
- Ancient Greek and Roman world
- Attributed origin
- Later Epicureans, preserved in association with Philodemus
- Intended audience
- Students and practitioners of Epicurean philosophy
- Published constituent items
- 4
- Last reviewed
- 28 June 2026
Names and terminology
Alternative names: Fourfold Remedy; Four-Part Cure
Primary texts and authority
The concise formula is associated with the later Epicurean Philodemus and Herculaneum papyrus material. It summarises themes found in Epicurean philosophy.
Rules, principles or steps
-
The Gods Are Not to Be Feared
Do not live in anxiety that divine beings constantly punish or intervene in human life.
-
Death Is Not to Be Feared
Recognise that one's own death is not an experienced state of suffering.
-
What Is Good Is Readily Attainable
Basic sources of stable pleasure and contentment are simpler than unlimited wealth or luxury.
-
What Is Terrible Is Endurable or Limited
Pain can often be endured, treated, shortened or placed within a wider perspective.
Historical development
The medical metaphor presents philosophy as treatment for recurring fears and desires.
Variations
Translations vary between god and gods, evil and pain, endurable and limited in duration.
Traditional interpretation
The four claims aim to remove unnecessary anxiety and support a tranquil, moderate life.
Controversies and disputes
The formula can oversimplify Epicurean thought. Claims that good is easy to obtain and pain easy to endure are not equally plausible in every material or medical condition.
Truth By Reason analysis
Reducing irrational fear can improve life, but severe poverty, illness and trauma cannot be dismissed through a universal claim that hardship is easy to endure.
Ethical themes
Sources
- Philodemus of Gadara Academic / peer reviewed