Highest and Lowest Ethical Scores

The assessment covers protective passports, safe houses, intervention against deportations and repeated personal efforts to protect Hungarian Jews during the final phase of the Holocaust.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers clandestine aid to Jews in Warsaw, rescue of children from the ghetto, creation of false identities, preservation of family records and endurance of Gestapo torture.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers the issuing of transit visas to Jewish refugees in Lithuania despite institutional obstacles and the foreseeable personal and professional risks of doing so.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers famine relief after the First World War, creation of Save the Children and formulation of an early international declaration of children’s rights.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers the creation of nationwide ambulance, shelter, medical, orphan-care, adoption and burial services for people neglected by public and private institutions.

The assessment covers organisation of child evacuations from Czechoslovakia before Nazi occupation, fundraising, placement with British families and later humanitarian service.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers aid to wounded soldiers at Solferino, the creation of the Red Cross movement, advocacy for neutral medical relief and the development of international humanitarian law.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers battlefield nursing and supply work, identification of missing soldiers, relief during war and disaster, and establishment of the American Red Cross.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers development of the first successful inactivated polio vaccine, participation in large clinical trials and creation of a collaborative nonprofit research institute.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

Historical politician assessment. B. R. Ambedkar fought caste oppression and untouchability, advocated labour and women's rights, helped frame India's constitutional protections and argued for liberty, equality, religious freedom and democratic government. He resigned from government when reform of Hindu personal law was blocked. His political career also included cooperation with the colonial administration during wartime, support for partition as a possible political solution and sharp generalisations about religious and political communities.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers pioneering chimpanzee research, animal individuality, habitat protection, community-centred conservation, youth mobilisation and the ethical implications of speaking for nonhuman life.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

Combined historical-and-traditional assessment. Mahavira is assessed through early Jain tradition and the ethical system most consistently associated with him: radical nonviolence, truthfulness, non-stealing, chastity, non-possession and recognition of many-sided perspectives. These principles strongly protect living beings and restrain domination, although extreme asceticism can impose serious burdens and the historical record is late and sectarian.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

American civil-rights and peace leader. The assessment covers nonviolent protest, racial equality, voting rights, economic justice and opposition to the Vietnam War.

A completed public ethical assessment is available below.

The assessment covers the Green Belt Movement, women's economic participation, reforestation, resistance to land-grabbing and authoritarianism, democratic advocacy and environmental peacebuilding.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

Pakistani education and human-rights advocate and co-founder of Malala Fund. The assessment covers resistance to violent exclusion of girls from education, personal courage, institution-building and advocacy for equal educational opportunity.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers direct nursing in the Crimean War, sanitation reform, mortality statistics, professional nursing education, hospital design and public-health administration.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

Combined historical-and-traditional assessment. Guru Nanak taught one God, human equality, honest work, sharing, service, rejection of caste pride and criticism of hollow ritual and political oppression. His life is preserved through hymns and later biographical traditions of varying historical reliability. The assessment finds few substantial harmful teachings attributable to him, while noting the limits of the evidence and the continued use of religious authority.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

Opposition to apartheid, nonviolent social change, truth, reconciliation and equal human dignity.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

Historical politician assessment. Tommy Douglas led the government that established North America's first universal public hospital insurance programme and laid the foundation for Canadian medicare. His government expanded rural electrification, public services and social protection. An early academic thesis endorsed eugenic and institutional ideas that violated autonomy, although these proposals were not implemented as his later political programme.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers civil rights advocacy, women's equality, relief work, democratic participation and Eleanor Roosevelt's central role in drafting and securing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers détente, opening relations with China, arms-control diplomacy, Vietnam negotiations and US policies involving Cambodia, Bangladesh, Chile and authoritarian partners.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

Bolshevik revolutionary and first head of the Soviet state. The assessment covers revolutionary government, civil war, the Red Terror, political suppression, economic coercion and the New Economic Policy.

A completed public ethical assessment is available below.

Alignment with the Russian state, justification of war, militarised religion, nationalism and exclusion.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

President of Belarus. The assessment covers social and economic stability, poverty outcomes, elimination of democratic competition, election repression, political imprisonment, torture and support for Russia's war against Ukraine.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers Four decades of personal dictatorship, political repression, external violence and alleged crimes against humanity during the 2011 uprising dominate the record.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

Prime minister of Israel. The assessment covers security policy, economic and technological development, diplomatic normalisation, occupation and settlements and the conduct of the Gaza war since October 2023.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers Authoritarian rule, nationalist escalation, support for violent campaigns, persecution and forced displacement dominate the record; his trial ended without judgment after his death.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

Founder and paramount leader of the People's Republic of China. The assessment covers national unification, social change, the Great Leap Forward, mass famine, political campaigns and the Cultural Revolution.

A completed public ethical assessment is available below.

President and former prime minister of the Russian Federation. The assessment covers domestic rule, economic outcomes, political repression, the wars against Georgia and Ukraine, occupation, civilian harm and command responsibility.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers Fascist dictatorship, colonial aggression, racial laws, alliance with Nazi Germany and entry into the Second World War dominate the record.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

Theocratic authority, repression, executions, torture, gender persecution and restrictions on fundamental freedoms.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers Combined political and military authority, expansion of aggressive war and systemic abuse across occupied Asia dominate the record.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

Leader of the Soviet Union. The assessment covers forced collectivisation, famine, political terror, purges, forced labour, industrialisation and wartime leadership.

A completed public ethical assessment is available below.

Supreme leader of North Korea. The assessment covers totalitarian rule, political prison camps, executions, collective punishment, food insecurity, denial of freedom, nuclear and missile escalation and state cooperation with limited humanitarian programmes.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers Judicially established assistance to murder, rape, mutilation, enslavement, child recruitment and terror against civilians overwhelmingly dominates the record.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers Aggressive wars, the Anfal campaign, chemical attacks, political terror and personal dictatorship overwhelmingly dominate the record.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

The assessment covers Systematic torture, attacks on civilians, enforced disappearance, mass displacement and prolonged destructive warfare overwhelmingly dominate the record.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.

Leader of Nazi Germany. The assessment covers dictatorship, racial persecution, genocide, aggressive war, propaganda and command responsibility from 1933 to 1945.

A completed public ethical assessment is available below.

Leader of the Khmer Rouge regime. The assessment covers forced evacuation, forced labour, starvation, persecution, torture, mass execution and genocide from 1975 to 1979.

A completed public ethical assessment is available below.

The assessment covers Final judgments established genocide, crimes against humanity, terror against civilians, deportation, forcible transfer and hostage-taking.

This is a contemporary assessment current to 26 June 2026. It must be revised as later conduct and evidence become available.